About the author
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Daniel Kahneman is a psychologist who won the 2002 Nobel Prize in Economics for his work on prospect theory (this theory includes the idea that losses feel worse than gains feel good). He has also published extensively on decision-making and judgment. He is currently professor emeritus of psychology and public affairs at the University of Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs.
Who should read this book?
This book will be of interest to anyone who is interested in decision-making. However at 418 pages it will require a respectable amount of time to be set aside to read and digest. Kahneman's stated desire is that the book enriches people's vocabulary so that they can think and talk about the ideas explored therein.
I haven't got time to read 418 pages…
Kahneman splits the book into five parts so the time-poor may wish to focus on areas of interest:
- Two systems
- Probably the best-known of Kahneman's theories, this part explores the idea of a quick-thinking, intuitive and dominant System 1 with a lazy, slow System 2. System 2 thinks it is in control but using a number of examples (such as hungry parole judges) Kahneman shows that System 1 has a major (and under-appreciated) impact on our thinking.
- Heuristics and biases
- This part explores heuristics (simple procedures that help find adequate, though often imperfect, answers to difficult questions p.98) and biases.
- Overconfidence
- This part explores some of the illusions that we all harbour (of understanding and validity) as well as intuition.
- Choices
- This part explores prospect theory, including risk aversion and risk seeking, as well as the endowment effect (we value things in our possession more highly)
- Two selves
- This part discusses the idea of an experiencing self and a remembering self. The latter controls the former and is relatively insensitive to the duration of an experience as well as remembering both the peak and end-experience best.
What's good about this book?
Kahneman carries out an in-depth analysis of both judgment and decision-making. He challenges many of the assumptions we have about ourselves and our rationality. Specific parts of the book are relevant to simulation/human factors and the clinical domain. Kahneman discusses the invisible gorilla and mental workload (p.23) which he says:
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| The halo effect: He's probably a great anaesthetist and a good cook. |
"illustrates two important facts about our minds: we can be blind to the obvious, and we are also blind to our blindness (p.24)"
Kahneman also discusses cognitive biases such as confirmation bias (a System 1 effect which comes up with a conclusion and then finds supporting arguments (p.45, p.81)), the halo effect (p.82), the availability heuristic (p.133) and recency bias.
In terms of patient safety, Kahneman's observations on hindsight bias and outcome bias (if the patient survives then all your actions were brilliant, if the patient dies all your actions were criminal) are useful reading.
In his review of assessment Kahneman provides some support for the use of immersive simulation as he explains how he used to assess soldiers' likelihood of being good officer material by seeing how well they worked in a group lifting a log over a wall. (To be clear: That is not a good way of assessing officer material.) Kahneman also uses the Apgar score to show how a scoring algorithm can supplement (or replace) clinical judgment.
Kahneman also discusses how the intuition of an anaesthetist may be more reliable than that of a radiologist. This is because the anaesthetist has the benefit of immediate feedback, while the radiologist receives little feedback about the accuracy of her diagnoses or pathologies she fails to detect.
Kahneman provides tips for dealing with some of the problems caused by our fallibility such as:
- Learn to recognize situations in which mistakes are likely
- Try harder to avoid significant mistakes when the stakes are high (although this advice may be less useful in the clinical domain where the stakes are very often high)
- It is easier to recognise other's mistakes than your own (so call for help!)
What's bad about this book?
One of Kahneman's reasons for writing this book is to improve people's vocabulary. At the end of every chapter therefore there are a number of sentences which he expects people might say with this new-found vocabulary. Unfortunately many of the sentences come across poorly, such as:
"I won't try to solve this while driving. This is a pupil-dilating task. It requires mental effort!"
"Unfortunately, she tends to say the first thing that comes into her mind. She probably also has trouble delaying gratification. Weak System 2."
"She is a hedgehog. She has a theory that explains everything, and it gives her the illusion that she understands the world."
The occasional Americanisms (which are unnecessary) make the book at times less easy to read. For example, we are asked: "Which graduating GPA in an Ivy League college matches Julie's reading?" and "How many murders occur in the state of Michigan in one year?"
Kahneman's writes in a conversational style which, at times, grates such as: "Did the results surprise you? Very probably." (And a few similar instances where the results did not surprise this reviewer.) Some of the chapters are given "interesting" titles but this makes it very difficult to find out the chapters one might actually find interesting and worthwhile to read (e.g. "The fourfold pattern", "Tom W's specialty").
Lastly, much of this work is based on studies of US university students. When we are asked to consider cultural differences in debriefing, one must wonder if there are also cultural differences in judgment and decision-making.
Final thoughts
This book is a worthwhile read for those of us interested in human factors, as well as those interested in using assessment in simulation. The index is substantial and if you don't have the time to read the whole book then finding the topics of interest and reading those pages will still be beneficial.
